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-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is a program announcement (PA) issued by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH). It solicits R21 grant applications from institutions/organizations that intend to perform innovative research that will expand our current knowledge of neurobiological mechanisms underlying the phases of migraine and the role of neuromodulators, such as sex hormones, and genetic influences in migraine pathophysiology. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-305, Neurobiology ofMigraine (R01), that solicits applications under the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.

-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is a program announcement (PA) issued by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH). It solicits R01 grant applications from institutions/organizations that intend to perform innovative research that will expand our current knowledge of neurobiological mechanisms underlying the phases of migraine and the role of neuromodulators such as sex hormones, and genetic influences in migraine pathophysiology. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-306, Neurobiology ofMigraine (R21), that solicits applications under the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. Metabolomics enables simultaneous identification and analysis of multiple metabolites in cells, tissues and body fluids. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is an initiative sponsored by several NIH institutes to promote the application of metabolomic technologies for translational research in human health and disease to enable/improve disease detection, diagnosis, risk assessment, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic responses. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-302 that solicits applications under the R21 mechanism for pilot/exploratory projects. -Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. Metabolomics enables simultaneous identification and analysis of multiple metabolites in cells, tissues and body fluids. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is an initiative sponsored by several NIH institutes to promote the application of metabolomic technologies for translational research in human health and disease to enable/improve disease detection, diagnosis, risk assessment, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic responses. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH exploratory R21 award mechanism for pilot research projects and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope, PA -07-301, that solicits applications under the R01 grant mechanism. -Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is a request for applications (RFA) issued by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH). It solicits R01 grant applications from institutions/organizations that propose research to assess the susceptibility, risk factors, mechanisms, and preventive measures relevant to the progressive nature of migraine headaches. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. The NINDS has set aside $1.1 million dollars to be awarded in FY 2007. It is anticipated that 3-4 applications will be funded. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) invites eligible United States small business concerns (SBCs) to submit Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant applications. United States SBCs that have the research capabilities and technological expertise to contribute to the R&D mission(s) of the NIH, CDC and FDA awarding components identified in this FOA are encouraged to submit SBIR grant applications in response to identified topics (see PHS 2007-2 SBIR/STTR Program Descriptions and Research Topics for NIH, CDC, and FDA.) -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the SBIR (R43/R44) grant mechanisms for Phase I, Phase II, Fast-Track, and Phase II Competing Renewal applications and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-281, that solicits applications under the Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) (R41/R42) grant mechanisms. SBIR Fast-Track and Phase II Competing Renewal grant applications are accepted by the NIH only. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. This FOA will use funds appropriated for fiscal years (FY) 2007 and 2008, the amounts for which are yet to be determined. (The amounts set-aside by NIH, CDC, and FDA for FY 2006 SBIR awards were: NIH: $571 million; CDC: $8.1 million; and FDA: $533,000.)

-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) invites eligible United States small business concerns (SBCs) to submit Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grant applications. United States SBCs that have the research capabilities and technological expertise to contribute to the R&D mission(s) of the NIH awarding components identified in this FOA are encouraged to submit STTR grant applications in response to identified topics (see PHS 2007-2 SBIR/STTR Program Descriptions and Research Topics for NIH, CDC, and FDA.) -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the STTR (R41/R42) grant mechanisms for Phase I, Phase II, Fast-Track, and Phase II Competing Renewal and runs in parallel with a FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-280, that solicits applications under the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) (R43/R44) grant mechanisms. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. This FOA will use funds appropriated for fiscal years (FY) 2007 and 2008, the amounts for which are yet to be determined. However, the amount set-aside by NIH for FY 2006 STTR awards was $69 million.

The primary, long-term goal of the Pathway to Independence (PI) Award program is to increase and maintain a strong cohort of new and talented NIH-supported independent investigators.The PI award program is designed to facilitate a timely transition from a mentored postdoctoral research position to a stable independent research position with independent NIH or other independent research support at an earlier stage than is currently the norm.

-Purpose. The purpose of the PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS LEADING TO OPTIMAL TRIALS IN NEUROLOGY grant (for brevity referred to as NINDS Preliminary Clinical Trials grant) is to obtain preliminary data and conduct studies to support the rationale for a subsequent definitive clinical trial of an intervention to treat or prevent neurological disease. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.

Purpose. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) have entered into a public-private partnership with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Health Research Board, Ireland (HRB), Cure Autism Now (CAN), the National Alliance for Autism Research (NAAR), Autism Speaks and the FRAXA Research Foundation (FRAXA) to jointly sponsor this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), which is aimed at characterizing, understanding and treating etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms common to both Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism (including autism spectrum disorders such as Rett syndrome). Between 2.5% and 6% of individuals with autistic feature have FXS, and approximately 15% to 25% of children with FXS have autism. An additional 50% to 90% of children with FXS exhibit some symptoms and features associated with autism, including poor eye contact, hand flapping, hand biting, speech perseveration and other language abnormalities and problems, as well as tactile defensiveness, mental retardation in the moderate to severe range, developmental delay, sensory hyperarousal, and social anxiety with mood liability. Researchers have argued that autism and autistic symptoms in FXS reflect a common etiological or pathophysiological pathway underlying the two conditions. Ongoing basic neuroscience research on FXS in model systems like the mouse and fly are providing a wealth of information at multiple levels – subcellular, cellular, and intercellular networks or circuits – to delineate the neurobiology of this disorder. These studies should dissect components of the neurobiology of autism, especially in patients with both FXS and autism, and identify novel targets for new drugs to treat both disorders. Applications submitted in response to this FOA should focus on a topic related to understanding neural pathways, circuits, systems and molecules that play a role in the etiology or pathophysiology of FXS and may be implicated in autism (including autism spectrum disorders such as Rett syndrome). Studies emphasizing the identification of drug targets for new therapeutic drugs to treat FXS and autism are particularly encouraged. Research projects supported under this FOA that include human subjects should include children affected with both FXS and autism and animal studies may include several models systems, e.g., mouse, fly and zebrafish. Basic neuroscience research in model systems should focus on both FXS and autism. Research more exclusively focused on autism that would not be covered under this FOA may be submitted under PA-06-390, PA-06-391, or PA-06-392.