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Purpose. The NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research is a framework to enhance cooperative activities among the NIH Office of the Director and 15 NIH Institutes and Centers that support research on the nervous system. This FOA is released in affiliation with the Neuroscience Blueprint, with Institutes and Centers participating independently, and with participation by Institutes that are not part of the Neuroscience Blueprint. Institutes that are not part of the Blueprint are also participating. Optimal use of informatics tools (e.g., tools for analyzing data, etc.) and resources (e.g., databases, data sets, etc.) depend upon explicit understandings of concepts related to the data upon which they compute. This is typically accomplished by a tool or resource adopting a formal controlled vocabulary and ontology. For the purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), an ontology is defined as a controlled vocabulary that describes objects and the relationships between those objects in a formal way. Generally, an ontology has a grammar that allows the terms of the vocabulary to express something meaningful to the biomedical researcher. In an effort to advance the use of powerful informatics approaches in biomedical research, this FOA solicits Research Project Grant (R01) applications from institutions/ organizations that propose to develop an ontology that will make it possible for software to understand how two or more existing data sets relate to each other.  Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. However, it is anticipated that most of the awards will be for limited amounts ($100,000 to $200,000 direct costs per year) and for short periods of time (2-3 years). It is not likely that these R01s will be renewed.  Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization). Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PDs/PIs). Individuals with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research are invited to work with their institution/organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. Number of Applications. Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct. Renewals and Resubmissions. Applicants may submit a “resubmission” application, but such application must include an “Introduction” addressing the previous peer review critique (Summary Statement).  Number of PDs/PIs. More than one PD/PI, or multiple PDs/PIs, may be designated on the application. Application Materials. See Section IV.1 for application materials. General Information. For general information on SF424 (R&R) Application and Electronic Submission, see these Web sites: SF424 (R&R) Application and Electronic Submission Information: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/424/index.htm General information on Electronic Submission of Grant Applications: http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/ Hearing Impaired. Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088.  Technical Assistance Workshop. A technical assistance workshop is planned on October 18 to answer questions about this FOA. Participants can attend the meeting in person at the Natcher Auditorium on the NIH Campus or can participate via a videocast. Registration for the meeting and additional information can be found at http://www.nbirn.net . Special Submission/Receipt Date(s): January 18, 2008, September 18, 2008, January 21, 2009, and September 21, 2009 Special Review convened by CSR

Purpose. The NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research is a framework to enhance cooperative activities among the NIH Office of the Director and 15 NIH Institutes and Centers that support research on the nervous system.This FOA is released in affiliation with the Neuroscience Blueprint, with Institutes and Centers participating independently, and with participation by Institutes that are not part of the Neuroscience Blueprint.Institutes that are not part of the Blueprint are also participating. Sharing data and tools across a research community adds tremendous value to the efforts of that community.Search engines like Google show the power of sharing text based data.While strides have been made, the infrastructure necessary to share and query data sets that have more than just textual biomedical data is still under development.Examples of such heterogeneous data sets include those that contain images, clinical data, or genomic/gene expression data.Two large NIH supported infrastructure projects to allow data and tool sharing are the caBIG program and the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN). Many of the communities involved in neuroscience research embrace the data/tool sharing idea.Some communities, such as neuroimaging researchers, have seized it, and in so doing, have accrued scientific benefits that would have been otherwise out of reach.As a specific example, three neuroimaging research communities are serving as the biological test beds for the BIRN infrastructure (http://www.nbirn.net).The BIRN infrastructure has now matured to the point where it can serve as a platform for data sharing and informatics tool sharing that extends beyond the neuroimaging researchers involved in the test beds, to include other areas of neuroscience beyond imaging, and to include biomedical research beyond neuroscience. The caBIG program has goals that are related to those of the BIRN program, but has chosen a different development path. caBIG aims to develop applications and underlying architecture that connects data and tools in an open, federated environment.Interoperability in caBIG is based on standardizing interfaces and data, rather than on specific software systems used in BIRN.General information concerning caBIG can be found at https://cabig.nci.nih.gov/ . This FOA invites applications to make either data or tools more broadly available to the research community by making use of the BIRN and/or the caBIG infrastructure. Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.However, it is anticipated that many of the awards will be for limited amounts ($100,000 to $200,000 direct costs per year) and for short periods of time (2-3 years).It is not likely that these R01s will be renewed. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization). Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PDs/PIs). Individuals with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research are invited to work with their institution/organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. Number of Applications. Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct. Renewals and Resubmissions. Applicants may submit a resubmission application, but such application must include an Introduction addressing the previous peer review critique (Summary Statement). Number of PDs/PIs. More than one PD/PI, or multiple PDs/PIs, may be designated on the application. Application Materials. See Section IV.1 for application materials. General Information. For general information on SF424 (R&R) Application and Electronic Submission, see these Web sites: SF424 (R&R) Application and Electronic Submission Information: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/424/index.htm General information on Electronic Submission of Grant Applications: http://era.nih.gov/ElectronicReceipt/ Hearing Impaired. Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088. Technical Assistance Workshop.A technical assistance workshop is planned on October 18 to answer questions about this FOA.Participants can attend the meeting in person at the Natcher Auditorium on the NIH Campus or can participate via a videocast.Registration for the workshop and additional information can be found at http://www.nbirn.net . Special Submission/Receipt Date(s):January 18, 2008, September 18, 2008, January 21, 2009, and September 21, 2009 Special Review convened by CSR.

-Purpose. This FOA intends to support modification and enhancement of existing neuroimaging informatics tools and resources that are hosted or being considered for inclusion into the NIH Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse (NITRC, www.nitrc.org, public release scheduled for October 2007). Examples of such tools include image segmentation, image registration, image processing pipelines, statistical analysis packages, spatial alignment and normalization algorithms, and data format translators.Resources include well-characterized test datasets, data formats, and databases, among others. The proposed work shall significantly improve the interoperability and adoptability of neuroimaging informatics tools and resources and result in enhanced dissemination, adoption, and evolution of such tools and resources by the broader neuroimaging research community. -Mechanism of Support. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) will utilize the NIH Small Research Grant (R03) award mechanism and runs in parallel with the NIH Notice NOT-EB-07-006 (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-EB-07-006.html) of identical scientific scope that solicits applications under the Administrative Revision (formerly supplement) mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $950,000 to this FOA. The anticipated total number of awards for this FOA is 5-7 per year. Awards issued under this announcement are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. To encourage multidisciplinary , investigator-initiated basic and translational research in developmental pharmacology with particular emphasis on the role of ontogeny on drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors and signaling pathways activity across -Developmental periods from fetal life to adolescence. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism.

-Purpose. This FOA solicits Research Project Grant (R01) applications from institutions/organizations proposing exceptionally innovative research on novel hypotheses or difficult problems, solutions to which would have an extremely high impact in biomedical or biobehavioral research that is germane to the mission of one or more of the participating NIH Institutes. This FOA does not support pilot projects, i.e., projects of limited scope that are designed primarily to generate data that will enable the PI to seek other funding opportunities. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. NIGMS intends to commit $5 million in FY2008 to fund 13-17 applications submitted in response to this FOA. NINDS, NIMH, and NIDA intend to commit an additional $1.5 million, $1 million, and $500,000, respectively. NIAID intends to commit up to $400,000 to fund one application. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. The NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research is a framework to enhance cooperative activities among the NIH Office of the Director and 15 NIH Institutes and Centers that support research on the central and peripheral nervous systems. In fiscal year 2008, the Blueprint is emphasizing neural development. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) solicits applications directed toward the discovery of novel and/or improved means for precise spatiotemporal analysis or manipulation of circuit assembly in the developing central and peripheral nervous systems. For the purposes of this FOA, neural circuit development is defined as processes occurring during prenatal and postnatal development (through adolescence) that begin with axon and dendrite formation and continue through axon guidance and pathfinding, myelination, synapse formation and synapse refinement. Tools and technologies for the study of invertebrates, vertebrates and/or humans are acceptable if the resulting resources will accelerate research in the area of neural circuit development. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism.

-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant applications from small business concerns (SBCs) for projects to design and develop advanced tools and technologies that will lead to improved clinical treatment for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) patients. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the SBIR (R43/R44) grant mechanisms for Phase I, Phase II, and Fast-Track applications and runs in parallel with a FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-395, that solicits applications under the Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) (R41/R42) grant mechanisms. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. For this funding opportunity, budgets up to $250,000 total costs per year and time periods up to 2 years for Phase I may be requested. Budgets up to $500,000 total costs per year and up to 3 years may be requested for Phase II. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), in conjunction with the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation (DMRF) and the Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia and Parkinson Foundation, Inc., invite research grant applications aimed at understanding or treating generalized and focal dystonias.The aim of this FOA is to encourage basic, translational and clinical studies, to determine the patho-physiology of dystonia, to stimulate the development of basic and translational resources to further dystonia research, to accelerate research into promising therapeutic approaches for dystonia, and to stimulate progress in dystonia research through encouraging and facilitating interdisciplinary interactions. -Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity will utilize the NIH R01 mechanism, and runs in parallel with another FOA of identical scientific scope (PA-07-398) that solicit applications under the NIH Exploratory/Developmental grant mechanism (R21). -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards.Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites Small Business Technology Transfer Research (STTR) grant applications from small business concerns (SBCs) for projects to design and develop advanced tools and technologies that will lead to improved clinical treatment for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) patients. -Mechanism of Support.This FOA will utilize the STTR (R41/R42) grant mechanisms for Phase I, Phase II, and Fast-Track applications and runs in parallel with a FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-396, that solicits applications under the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) (R43/R44) grant mechanisms. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. For this funding opportunity, budgets up to $250,000 total costs per year and time periods up to 2 years for Phase I may be requested. Budgets up to $500,000 total costs per year and up to 3 years may be requested for Phase II. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), in conjunction with the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation (DMRF) and the Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia and Parkinson Foundation, Inc., invite research grant applications aimed at understanding or treating generalized and focal dystonias.The aim of this FOA is to encourage basic, translational and clinical studies, to determine the patho-physiology of dystonia, to stimulate the development of basic and translational resources to further dystonia research, to accelerate research into promising therapeutic approaches for dystonia, and to stimulate progress in dystonia research through encouraging and facilitating interdisciplinary interactions. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Exploratory/Developmental (R21) award mechanism and runs in parallel with another FOA of identical scientific scope (PA-07-397) that solicit applications under the NIH Traditional Research Project Grant (R01) mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.