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-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), issued as a Program Announcement with set-aside funds (PAS), invites applications proposing clinical and translational research in multiple sclerosis (MS) that target the neurodegenerative aspect of this disease. Applicants are expected to propose activities that are directly focused on the development of neuroprotective and regenerative therapies for MS. Applications in basic neuroscience or glial biology are not covered under this PAS. Applications for clinical trials and interventional studies are directed to use the funding mechanisms and opportunities listed at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/areas/clinical_trials/index.htm. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will use the Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism, and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope (PAS-06-266) that solicits applications under the exploratory/developmental (R21) grant award mechanism.. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. The total amount to be awarded is up to $1,500,000 for the duration of this solicitation, in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to this FOA and a parallel FOA that uses the R21 mechanism (see above), that score within the NINDS payline. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. Each R01 project is limited to a duration of five years.

Purpose. The goal of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to promote studies that 1) identify the properties of brain tumor cells that cause them to migrate; 2) determine how interaction of tumor cells with normal brain elements affects migration; and 3) translate understanding of these parameters into interventions that target invading tumor cells. Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity will utilize the Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism, and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope (PAS-06-201) that utilizes the exploratory/developmental (R21) grant award mechanism. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. NINDS has set aside $1,000,000 in total costs per year for this FOA and a parallel FOA that utilizes the R21 mechanism (see above). These funds are in addition to funds available for applications that score within the NINDS payline and depend on the overall scientific merit of the application and availability of funds throughout the duration of the announcement. NCI will consider programmatic priority and scientific merit in making funding decisions. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. Each R01 project is limited to a duration of five years. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); State Government; U.S. Territory or Possession; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization; Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization); Hispanic-serving Institution; Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs); Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions; Regional Organization; Other(s): Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Faith-based or community based organizations.

Purpose. The goal of this program announcement is to stimulate basic, translational and clinical research in the field of epilepsy by promoting collaborations among junior investigators. Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will use the National Institutes of Health (NIH) research project grant (R01) award mechanism, but will be run in parallel with a program announcement of identical scientific scope (PA-06-190) that will utilize the exploratory/developmental (R21) grant mechanism. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); State Government; U.S. Territory or Possession; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization; Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization); Hispanic-serving Institution; Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs); Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions; Regional Organization; Other(s): Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Faith-based or community based organizations.

-Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) invite research grant applications aimed at developing non-human lentiviral in vivo model systems for study of the neurologic complications of AIDS, with or without a history of drug use. Recent advances in the development of the SIV model system highlight the power of animal model systems for study of the mechanisms underlying the pathology associated with lentiviral infection in the nervous system. These models will be key for developing therapeutic approaches for the treatment of patients suffering from NeuroAIDS and for understanding the basic biology of infection with HIV/AIDS. -Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity will use the NIH Research Project (R01) award mechanism, but will be run in parallel with two program announcements of identical scientific scope (PAS-06-275 and PAS-06-276) that will utilize the small research grant (R03) and exploratory/developmental grant (R21) mechanisms, respectively.  -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $2,150,000 to this PAS for payment of applications responsive to this announcement and the two parallel announcements (see above). Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.

Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Aging (NIA), and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) invite research grant applications aimed at understanding the genetics and pathobiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI). Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will use the NIH traditional Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism, and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope (PAS-06-265) that solicits applications under the exploratory/developmental grant (R21) award mechanism. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. The participating organizations intend to commit a total of approximately $2,250,000 to this FOA with set-aside funds (PAS), and a parallel FOA that uses the R21 mechanism (see above), in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to this initiative that score within the paylines of the participating NIH Institutes. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. Each R01 project is limited to a duration of five years. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); State Government; U.S. Territory or Possession; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization; Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization); Hispanic-serving Institution; Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs); Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions; Regional Organization; Other(s): Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Faith-based or community based organizations.

Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) invites applications for studying the integration of neurobiological and cerebrovascular mechanisms in the adult, aged and pediatric brain in health and disease. Mechanism of Support. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) with set-aside funds (PAS) will utilize the Research Project (R01) grant award mechanism, and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope (PAS-06-200) that solicits applications under the exploratory/developmental (R21) grant award mechanism. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. NINDS and NIA have set aside $1,100,000 in total costs per year. NINDS will use set-aside funds for applications sent in response to this FOA and a parallel FOA that uses the R21 mechanism (see above), that score outside the NINDS payline (see NINDS Funding Strategy http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/ninds_funding_strategy.htm), depending on the overall scientific merit of the applications and the availability of funds throughout the duration of this solicitation. NIA will consider programmatic priority, as reflected in this FOA and the parallel FOA, and scientific merit in using set-aside funds for applications assigned to it in response to this FOA. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. Each project is limited to a duration of five years. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); State Government; U.S. Territory or Possession; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization; Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization); Hispanic-serving Institution; Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs); Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions; Regional Organization; Other(s): Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Faith-based or community based organizations.

Purpose. Under this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) invite research grant applications that address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms associated with the cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD), that address the development of clinical interventions and therapeutics for cognitive impairment in PD, or that promote improved clinical diagnosis or treatment of cognitive impairment in PD. A goal of this FOA is to begin a process where basic and clinical scientists from various disciplines can overcome barriers to cross-disciplinary and biobehavioral research and examine all aspects of cognition in the context of the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity uses the R01 mechanism, and is one of three coordinated programs being released by NINDS to promote research on the non-motor aspects of Parkinsons disease, including Research On The Cognitive Sequelae Of Parkinson's Disease (R03) (PA-06-194), and Research On The Cognitive Sequelae Of Parkinson's Disease (R21) (PA-06-195) that utilize the small research grant (R03) and exploratory/developmental grant (R21) mechanisms, respectively. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); State Government; U.S. Territory or Possession; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization; Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization); Hispanic-serving Institution; Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs); Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions; Regional Organization; Other(s): Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Faith-based or community based organizations.

-Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Eye Institute (NEI), the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) invite applications for studies on the cellular and molecular signaling between the local environment within organisms and stem and progenitor cells that are either introduced as transplants or are normally resident within host tissues and organs. The objective of this initiative is to promote a thorough exploration and characterization of the bi-directional communication between multipotent cells and the three-dimensional local milieu or niche that they encounter in vivo under normal and compromised states, such as with aging or following injury, disease or drug exposure. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will use the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism, but will be run in parallel with two program announcements of identical scientific scope (PAS-06-207 and PAS-06-208) that will utilize the small research grant (R03) and exploratory/developmental grant (R21) mechanisms, respectively.

Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) invite applications for studies on the characterization, behavior and plasticity of human and non-human stem cells, regulation of their replication, differentiation, integration and function in the nervous system, and the identification and characterization of normal and tumor stem cells. Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity will use the NIH traditional research project grant (R01) award mechanism, but will be run in parallel with a program announcement of identical scientific scope (PA-06-198) that will utilize the exploratory/developmental (R21) award mechanism. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. Applications can be renewed by competing for additional project periods. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); State Government; U.S. Territory or Possession; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization; Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization); Hispanic-serving Institution; Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs); Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions; Regional Organization; Other(s): Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Faith-based or community based organizations.

-Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the International Rett Syndrome Association (IRSA) and the Rett Syndrome Research Foundation (RSRF) invite research grant applications aimed at understanding and/or treating Rett Syndrome (RTT). The recent demonstration that mutations in the MECP2 gene cause most cases of RTT has created new opportunities for both basic and clinical research. Included within the scope of this Program Announcement with set-aside funds (PAS) are developmental, neuroanatomical, molecular genetic, and pathophysiological research, therapy development projects and clinical studies. Studies of the role of MeCP2 in basic biological processes or in the etiology of other neurological or neurobehavioral disorders are also appropriate. -Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity will utilize the NIH traditional research project grant (R01) mechanism, but will be run in parallel with two program announcements of identical scientific scope (PAS-06-273 and PAS-06-274) that will utilize the small research grant (R03) and exploratory/developmental grant (R21) mechanisms, respectively. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $2,600,000 to this Program Announcement with set-aside funds (PAS) and two other Program Announcements of identical scientific scope that utilize the R03 and R21 mechanisms (see above), in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to this initiative that score within the paylines of the participating NIH Institutes. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.