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The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) encourages submission of investigator-initiated research grant applications to study mechanisms of transmission and dissemination of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). -This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will use the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism but runs in parallel with two program announcements of identical scientific scope that utilizes the traditional research project grant (R01) [PA-05-096] and small research grant (R03) mechanisms [PA-06-192], respectively. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Eligible organizations include: For-profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Units of State government; Units of local government ; Foreign Institutions; Domestic Institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; and units of state or local tribal governments. -Eligible project directors/principal investigators include: Postdoctoral trained individuals with institutional appointments through Assistant Professor, or equivalent, position. Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R21 is not renewable. 

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) invite applications for studies on the characterization, behavior and plasticity of human and non-human stem cells, regulation of their replication, differentiation, integration and function in the nervous system, and the identification and characterization of normal and tumor stem cells.

The goal of this program announcement is to stimulate basic, translational and clinical research in the field of epilepsy by promoting collaborations among junior investigators. -This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will use the National Institutes of Health (NIH) exploratory/developmental (R21) award mechanism, but runs in parallel with a program announcement of identical scientific scope (PA-05-095) that will utilize the traditional research project grant (R01) grant mechanism. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Eligible organizations include: For-profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Units of State government; Units of local government ; Foreign Institutions; Domestic Institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; and units of state or local tribal governments. -Eligible principal investigators include: Postdoctoral trained individuals with institutional appointments through Assistant Professor, or equivalent, position. Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R21 is not renewable. 

The goal of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to invite research applications investigating the role of diet composition in energy balance, including studies in both animals and humans. Both short and longer-term studies would be encouraged, ranging from basic studies investigating the impact of micro-or macronutrient composition on appetite, metabolism, and energy expenditure through clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of diets differing in micro- or macronutrient composition, absorption, dietary variety, or energy density for weight loss or weight maintenance.

The Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) mechanism is intended to encourage exploratory and developmental research projects by providing support for the early and conceptual stages of these projects. These studies may involve considerable risk but may lead to a breakthrough in a particular area, or to the development of novel techniques, agents, methodologies, models, or applications that could have a major impact on a field of biomedical, behavioral, or clinical research.

The goal of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to invite research applications investigating the role of diet composition in energy balance, including studies in both animals and humans. Both short and longer-term studies would be encouraged, ranging from basic studies investigating the impact of micro-or macronutrient composition on appetite, metabolism, and energy expenditure through clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of diets differing in micro- or macronutrient composition, absorption, dietary variety, or energy density for weight loss or weight maintenance.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Investigator-Initiated Small Grant (R03) funding opportunity supports small research projects that can be carried out in a short period of time with limited resources. Investigator-initiated research, also known as unsolicited research, is research funded as a result of an investigator submitting a research grant application to NIH in an investigators area of interest and competency. The R03 grant mechanism supports different types of projects including pilot and feasibility studies; secondary analysis of existing data; small, self-contained research projects; development of research methodology; and development of new research technology.

The purpose of this program announcement is to stimulate research on discovering etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a set of chronic, comorbid conditions associated with temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders (TMJMDs). TMJMDs are a complex collection of diseases involving one or more tissues of the TMJ and facial musculature. Primary symptoms include chronic pain in facial muscles and limited and painful movement of the jaw. In addition, these and other symptoms of TMJMD can occur together with other chronic illnesses such as fibromyalgia, atypical face pain, trigeminal neuralgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, migraine headache, speech hearing, swallowing, balance, smell, and taste disorders, and certain cardiovascular diseases. This program announcement seeks research applications that use state-of-the-art, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to discover molecular, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms responsible for the overlapping symptoms manifested in the set of disorders that may co-exist with TMJMD. These applications may have as their research focus the chronic, comorbid conditions themselves or TMJMDs, provided that the aims and goals of the project are to discover biological mechanisms linking the comorbidities. While the overarching goal of this announcement is to arrive at a better understanding of potential mechanisms underlying TMJMDs as related to the variety of comorbidities associated with them, it is expected that no single research project will be able to accomplish this. Applicants are, therefore, encouraged to focus their attention on a particular pathway and a specific disease that is comorbid with TMJMD.

The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) invite applications from investigators willing to participate in a cooperative research network designed to reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia in children and young adults. The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) grew out of an initiative begun in 2001. Five academic centers were selected from among respondents to a previous announcement (RFA-HD-01-009) to support a network focusing on diabetes monitoring in children. This RFA serves to expand the mission of DirecNet. The network will use new tools to evaluate factors and mechanisms contributing to hypoglycemia and will set up clinical trials to test novel therapies, prevention strategies and devices designed to focus on hypoglycemia prevention for individuals with type1 diabetes. It is anticipated that a maximum of five awards for Clinical Centers (CCs) and one award for a Data Coordinating Center (DCC) will be made. Approximately $2 million (total costs)[Direct plus Facilities and Administrative (F & A) costs] will be appropriated from the Balanced Budget Act Funds for Type 1 Diabetes. This commitment is contingent upon the availability of funds. A CC applicant may request a project period of up to five years and an annual budget for direct costs associated with base costs up to $140,000 per year. A DCC applicant may request a project period of up to five years and an annual budget up to $425,000 direct costs. In addition, the DCC should request not more than $350,000 total costs per year for the distribution of per subject/per protocol costs to the Clinical Centers for approved protocols. This funding opportunity will use the NIH Cooperative Clinical Research (U10) award mechanism for both the DCC and the CCs. Investigators may submit an application if their institution has any of the following characteristics: For-profit or non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of state and local governments; eligible agencies of the Federal government. Eligible Principal Investigators include those with the experience and expertise to conduct clinical studies in type1 diabetes. Individuals with expertise in endocrinology are encouraged to apply. Individuals with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research are invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. An applicant institution may submit only one application in response to this RFA.

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and its Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS as well as the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) invite applications proposing novel models of HIV-related central or peripheral nervous system damage that can be used to screen for compounds showing promise as treatments in the patient population.